I-Sodium Persulfate (i-Sodium Peroxydisulfate, i-Na₂S₂O₈, i-CAS: 7775‑27‑1)

I-sodium persulfate isetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-arhente enamandla yokuxova, i-polymerisation initiator, i-agent yokuxova, kunye ne-metal etchant. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumacandelo eekhemikhali, e-elektroniki, elaphu, kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ihlelwe njenge-Class 5.1 oxidising solid, iPacking Group III (i-low-to-moderate hazard oxidiser).

I. Izicelo ezineenkcukacha

1. Ushishino lwePolymer kunye neeKhemikhali (icandelo elikhulu lokusetyenziswa)
   1. Umqalisi we-emulsion polymerisation: isebenza njengesiqalisi se-radical esinyibilikayo emanzini kwi-polyethylene, i-polyacrylonitrile, i-acrylic emulsions, i-styrene-acrylic emulsions, kunye ne-polyacrylamide (PAM). Iqala i-polymerisation kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi ukuya kumaphakathi kwaye isetyenziswa kwiingubo, kwi-adhesives, nakwi-flocculant synthesis yonyango lwamanzi. Isebenza endaweni ye-azo initiators, ingashiyi zintsalela zinobuthi.
   2. Iikhemikhali ze-oyile: isetyenziswa njengesiqhekeza kwi-fracturing fluids, i-guar gum eyonakalisayo nge-oxidatively kunye ne-hydroxypropyl guar gum ukuze kube lula ukubuyela kwe-fracturing fluid. Xa idityaniswe ne-ferrous ion catalysis, ivumela ukuqhekeka ngokukhawuleza kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
2. I-Elektroniki kunye noShishino lwe-PCB (imveliso yobumsulwa obuphezulu be-elektroniki)
   1. Iarhente yokugrumba encinci kwiibhodi zesekethe: ivelisa umphezulu wobhedu ojiyileyo ukuze kuphuculwe ukunamathelana kwefilimu eyomileyo, imaski yesolder, kunye neeleya ezifakwe ngombane. Ikhupha ubhedu kunye ne-nickel kwiinkqubo zokuqhobosha ezithambileyo kwaye, ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-chloride, ayibeki mngcipheko wokuqhobosha obangelwa yi-chlorine.
   2. Ukucoca i-wafer ye-semiconductor: isusa ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nongcoliseko lwesinyithi kwiindawo ze-wafer kwiinkqubo zokucoca ezomileyo nezimanzi njenge-oxidizing agent.
   3. Unyango lwangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating: iyasusa amafutha, idlabhuke kancinci, kwaye isebenze i-stainless steel kunye ne-copper alloys, isusa izikali ze-oxide yomphezulu.
3. Ukulungiswa Kwendalo Esingqongileyo (Iinkqubo Eziphambili Zokunyibilikisa Ioksidashini, i-AOP)
   1. Ukulungiswa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nomhlaba: isetyenziswa kwi-in‑situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). Isebenza yi-ferrous iron, i-alkali, okanye ubushushu, ivelisa ii-sulfate radicals ezitshabalalisa ii-petroleum hydrocarbons, ii-chlorinated hydrocarbons, ii-BTEX compounds, ii-antibiotics, kunye neentsalela ze-pesticide - ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulungiseni indawo engcolisiweyo.
   2. Unyango lwamanzi amdaka: isetyenziselwa i-oxidation ephucukileyo yokucola, ukudaya, iikhemikhali, kunye neendawo zokulahla inkunkuma, ikhupha ukungcola okungcolileyo ukuze kususwe i-COD, umbala, kunye nokungcola okungafunekiyo kwendalo. Ingadityaniswa ne-UV irradiation, i-ultrasound, okanye ukusebenza kwe-ion yesinyithi.
   3. Unyango lwenkunkuma yemifanekiso: i-oxidizes i-thiosulfate ekulungiseni ukungcola kokuhlamba, inceda ekubuyiselweni kwee-ion zesilivere.
4. Ishishini leempahla kunye nokuDaya
   1. Iarhente yokulungisa ubungakanani: ibolisa ubungakanani besitatshi kunye ne-PVA kwiimpahla zekotoni kunye neefayibha zokwenziwa.
   2. Iarhente yokufunxa: ivumela ukufiphalisa uboya, isilika, kunye nelinen kubushushu obuphantsi ngaphandle kokonakala kwefayibha. Ikwasebenza njengearhente yokuxovula xa kusenziwa iidayi zesalfure, ithatha indawo yesodium hypochlorite ukuze kuthintelwe umonakalo onxulumene nekhlorine.
5. Ezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso kunye nelebhu
   1. Ishishini leebhetri: isebenza njengearhente yokudiliza i-polarizing kwiibhetri ze-lead-acid ukuphelisa ukudlula kweplate.
   2. Iikhemikhali ezintle: isetyenziswa njenge-arhente yokuxoxisa kwi-organic synthesis, umzekelo kwi-Elbs oxidation ukuguqula ii-phenols zibe yi-hydroquinones, kunye nokuxoxisa i-Mn²⁺ kunye ne-Cr³⁺ ukuya kwiimeko eziphezulu ze-valence (ezivuselelwa zii-silver ions).
   3. Ukhathalelo lomntu kunye nelebhu: iarhente yokuxoxisa kwiifomyula ezivumela iinwele; kwaye njenge-APS (ammonium persulfate) i-gel polymerisation initiator kwi-PAGE electrophoresis.
   4. Intlama kunye nephepha: isetyenziswa ekukhanyeni nasekulungiseni i-pulp.

II. Ukuxhasa uBume beNkqubo kwiMizi-mveliso engaphantsi

1. Umgca weNkqubo yokuQopha i-PCB Micro

   Ulandelelwano: ukususa igrisi → ukuhlamba ngamanzi → ukutshiza nge-micro-etching (inkqubo ye-sodium persulfate + sulfuric acid, 25-35°C) → ukuhlamba nge-countercurrent yezigaba ezimbini → ukuthambisa → ukuhlamba ngamanzi acocekileyo.
   Izixhobo ezixhasayo: iitanki zokugrumba zePP ezingamelani nokugruzuka, iinkqubo zokulinganisa ngokuzenzekelayo, ukujonga i-ORP-pH kwi-intanethi, ukuhluza okujikelezayo, kunye neeyunithi zonyango lwe-oxidation-neutralisation water wastewater. I-Sodium persulfate izaliswa rhoqo, kwaye i-sulfuric acid igcina i-acidity ukuze ithintele ukubola kwe-arhente.

2. I-In‑Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) yoMhlaba kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba

   Kukho iinkqubo ezintathu zokuvula ezifumanekayo:

   1. Ukusebenza kwe-ion ye-ferrous: i-sodium persulfate + i-ferrous sulfate phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi.
   2. Ukusebenza kobushushu: ukufudumeza ukuya kuma-40‑65°C ngokufaka umngxuma onzulu.
   3. Ukusebenza kwe-alkaline: ukongezwa kwe-sodium hydroxide ukunyusa i-pH ngaphezulu kwe-11, okubangela ukuveliswa kwee-radical.
      Izixhobo ezixhasayo: iitanki zokuxuba nezokucoca, imingxuma yokufaka umfutho ophezulu, imingxuma yokujonga amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, kunye nokujonga i-ORP kwi-intanethi.
3. Inkqubo yokuOxida Amanzi amdaka ePhambili

   Ulandelelwano: Uhlengahlengiso lwe-pH → ukongezwa kwe-sodium persulfate + activator (Fe²⁺/UV) → itanki yempendulo ye-oxidation → i-flocculation kunye ne-sedimentation → ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka.
   Izixhobo ezixhasayo: inkqubo yolawulo lwe-ORP ekwi-intanethi kunye neyunithi yokudibanisa ye-UV‑H₂O₂.

4. Inkqubo ye-Emulsion Polymerisation

   Ukusebenza kwe-Batch reactor: ukucoca i-nitrogen ukususa ioksijini, ukongezwa kwesisombululo samanzi se-sodium persulfate kubushushu obuqhelekileyo, kunye nokutya okucwangcisiweyo, okufanayo. Izixhobo ezixhasayo: inkqubo yokulawula ubushushu kunye ne-intert gas blanketing ukuthintela ukubola kwangaphambi kwexesha okubangelwa bukungcola kwesinyithi.

III. Ubunjineli boKhuseleko bokugcina, ukudlulisa, kunye nokulinganisa

1. Indawo yokugcina impahla: indawo yokugcina iikhemikhali ezinobungozi ezibekelwe bucala, ezipholileyo nezinomoya, ubushushu obungaphantsi kwama-30°C, ukufuma okungaphantsi kwama-70%. Hlukanisa kwizinto ezitshayo, izinto ezinciphisa ubushushu, ii-asidi kunye nee-alkali; umgangatho mawungangenisi manzi kwaye ungangeni.
2. Udluliselo: ukuhanjiswa kwe-pneumatic okuvaliweyo, okune-negative pressure kunye ne-nitrogen blanketing ukuze kuthintelwe ukufuma. Imibhobho yentsimbi ayivumelekanga; sebenzisa imibhobho ye-PP, PVC, okanye i-FRP engangeni ngqwabalala.
3. Umthamo: iitanki zokunyibilikisa ezivaliweyo, ziphephe izinyithi ezifana nentsimbi, ubhedu kunye nesilivere; sebenzisa izixhobo zokulwa nokugqwala ze-PP/PE. Zixhobise ngeeshawa ezingxamisekileyo, izitishi zokuhlamba amehlo, kunye neenkqubo zokungenisa umoya ngokunyanzeliswa.
4.