Nguwuphi umahluko phakathi kwegrafu kunye nokukhokela kaJulayi?

Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwegrafu kunye nokukhokelwa yile graphite yegrafu kwaye uzinzile kakhulu, ngelixa isikhokelo sinetyhefu kwaye singazinzi.

Yintoni igrafu?

Igrafu yindawo ye-carbon enesakhiwo esizinzileyo, sekristali. Luhlobo lwamalahle. Ngaphaya koko, yimilimizi yomntu. Iiminerali zeziyoma zizinto eziqulathe inqaku elinye lekhemicali elenzekayo kwindalo ngaphandle kokudibanisa nayo nayiphi na into. Ngapha koko, igrafu yeyona ndlela izinzileyo yekhabhoni eqhubeka kubushushu obuqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo. Iyunithi ephindaphindayo yefomati yegrafu yikhabhoni (c). Igrafu inenkqubo yekristali ye-hexagonal. Ibonakala kwi-iron-black ukuya kwi-Feel-grey motor kwaye ikwane-metric luster. Umbala we-raini wegraphite umnyama (umbala wezimbiwa zepowuper).

Isakhiwo sekristali yegrafu ineenyosi zenyosi. Inamashiti eGraphene ahlukaniswe kwi-0.335 ye-NM. Kolu sakhiwo segrafu, umgama phakathi kweeatom zekhabhoni yi-0.142 nm. Ezi moto ze-carbon zibopha omnye komnye ngebhondi ezinamachaphaza, i-atom enye ye-atom inemigodi emithathu enamachaphaza ayijikeleze. I-valency yeatom yekharbon yi-4; Ke, kukho i-elektroni yesine engathandaniyo kwi-elektroni kwi-atom nganye ye-carbon yolu sakhiwo. Ke ngoko, le elektroni ikhululekile ukuba ifuduke, yenza igrafu iphumelele ngombane. Igrafu yendalo iluncedo kwiingqameko, iibhetri, imbeko, igrasi eyandisiweyo, i-brake limings, ezijongene nezixhobo ezizezinye, kunye ne -oubrionts.

Yintoni ekhokelayo?

Ukukhokela yinto yekhemikhali enenombolo ye-atomic 82 kunye nophawu lwekhemikhali pb. Yenzeka njengeyona nto yemichwephesha. Esi sinyithi sisinyithi esindayo kwaye sine-densernt kunezinto ezininzi eziqhelekileyo esiyaziyo. Ngapha koko, ukukhokela kunokwenzeka njengensimbi ethambileyo nengathandekiyo enendawo ephantsi kakhulu. Singayinqula ngokulula le ntsimbi, kwaye inophawu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nembonakalo yentsimbi yentsimbi. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, le ntsimbi inelona nani liphezulu leatomic layo nayiphi na into esizinzileyo.

Xa ujonga iipropathi ezinkulu zokukhokela, inoxinzelelo oluphambili, ukungahambi kakuhle, ukunqunyulwa, kunye nokuxhathisa kakhulu ngenxa yokudlulisa. Ukukhokela kunesakhiwo esisondeleyo se-cuides esinemigangatho esondeleyo yobuso kunye nobunzima obuphezulu, obukhokelela kububi obukhulu kunobunzima beentsimbi eziqhelekileyo ezinjengentsimbi, ubhedu kunye ne-zinc. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinyithi ezininzi, ukukhokela kunenqaku eliphantsi kakhulu, kwaye inqaku layo elibilayo lelona liphezulu phakathi kweqela le-14.

I-Count itya ukwenza umaleko okhuselayo ekuvezeni umoya. Eyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo yalo mmandla ukhubazekile (ii) i-carbonate. Kunokubakho i-sulfate kunye nezinto ze-chloride zokukhokelela. Lo mbandela wenza umphezulu wensimbi ekhokelayo ngempumelelo kwi-hophus kwi-hochert. Ngapha koko, igesi ye-fluorine inokusabela ngokukhokela kubushushu begumbi ukwenza i-FOURE (ii) i-fluoride. Kukho impendulo efanayo nerhasi ye-chlorine, kodwa ifuna ukufudumeza. Ngaphandle kwalonto, intsimbi ekhokelayo ayinyangeki kwi-sulfuric acid kunye ne-phosphoric acid kodwa iphinde isebenze nge-HCL kunye ne-HNo3 Acid. I-acids ye-organic ezinjenge-acetic acid inokunyibilika khokelela kubukho beoksijini. Ngokufanayo, i-alkali egxininise i-acids inokunyibilikisa ukuba ize izenze ibe yimibhobho.

Kuba isikhokelo sasikhutshiwe e-USA ngo-1978 njengesithako kwipeyinti ngenxa yeziphumo zetyhefu, ayisetyenziswanga kwimveliso yepensile. Nangona kunjalo, yayiyeyona nto iphambili esetyenziselwa ukwenza ipensile ngaphambi kwelo xesha. Ukukhokela kwamkelwa njengento enetyhefu ebantwini. Ke ngoko, abantu bakhangele izixhobo ezibambeleyo ukuze bathathe indawo ekhokelela kwenye into yokwenza iipensile.

Nguwuphi umahluko phakathi kwegrafiki kwaye ukhokele?

Igrafu kunye nokukhokela zizinto ezibalulekileyo zemichiza ngenxa yepropathi yabo efanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwegrafu kunye nokukhokelwa yile graphite yegrafu kwaye uzinzile kakhulu, ngelixa isikhokelo sinetyhefu kwaye singazinzi.

Ukukhokela yintsimbi engasebenziyo yeposi engasebenziyo. Singazekelisa umlinganiswa obuthathaka kakhulu wokukhokelela kusetyenziswa i-AmphoteIc. Umzekelo, ukukhokelela kunye nokukhokelela ii-oxiles kusabela ngee-asidi kunye neziseko kwaye uthande ukwenza amaqhina ahleliweyo. Imigqaliselo yokukhokela ihlala inayo i-A +2 Imeko ye-oxidation ekhokelayo kunokuba i-The +4 Oxidation State (+4 yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo yeqela leekhemikhali ezili-14 zeqela leekhemikhali zeqela.