Owona mahluko uphambili phakathi kwegraphite nelothe kukuba igraphite ayinatyhefu kwaye izinzile, ngoxa ilothe iyityhefu kwaye ayizinzanga.
Yintoni iGraphite?
I-graphite yi-allotrope yekhabhoni enesakhiwo esizinzileyo, sekristale.Yindlela yamalahle.Ngaphezu koko, iyimineral yendalo.Iiminerali zomthonyama zizinto ezinekhemikhali enye eyenzeka kwindalo ngaphandle kokudibanisa nayo nayiphi na enye into.Ngaphezu koko, igraphite yeyona ndlela izinzileyo yekhabhoni eyenzeka kubushushu obuqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo.Iyunithi ephindayo yeallotrope yegraphite yikhabhoni (C).Igraphite ine-hexagonal crystal system.Ibonakala kumbala we-iron-mnyama ukuya kwintsimbi-ngwevu kwaye inokukhanya kwentsimbi.Umbala we-streak we-graphite umnyama (umbala we-mineral powdered powdered).
Isakhiwo sekristale yegraphite ineleti yobusi.Inamaphepha egraphene ahlulwe kumgama we-0.335 nm.Kwesi sakhiwo segraphite, umgama phakathi kwe-athomu ye-carbon yi-0.142 nm.Ezi athom zekhabhoni zibophelela enye kwenye ngeebhondi ezidibeneyo, iathom yekhabhoni enye ineebhondi ezintathu ezidibeneyo ezijikeleze kuyo.I-valency ye-athomu ye-carbon yi-4;ngaloo ndlela, kukho i-electron yesine engahlaliyo kwi-athom nganye yekhabhoni yesi sakhiwo.Ngoko ke, le electron ikhululekile ukuba ifuduke, yenza i-graphite iqhube ngombane.Igraphite yendalo iluncedo kwiirefractory, iibhetri, ukwenza intsimbi, igraphite eyandisiweyo, iibrake linings, ifoundry faces, nezinto zokuthambisa.
Yintoni ilothe?
Ilothe sisiqalelo sekhemikhali esinenombolo ye-athomu engu-82 kunye nesimboli yekhemikhali Pb.Yenzeka njengekhemikhali yesinyithi.Le ntsimbi yintsimbi enzima kwaye ixinene ngaphezu kwezinto ezininzi eziqhelekileyo esizaziyo.Ngaphaya koko, ilothe ingenzeka njengentsimbi ethambileyo nethambileyo enendawo yokunyibilika esezantsi noko.Sinokuyisika ngokulula le ntsimbi, kwaye inophawu oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nenkangeleko yentsimbi engwevu.Okubaluleke ngakumbi, le ntsimbi inelona nani liphezulu leathom layo nayiphi na into ezinzileyo.
Xa kuqwalaselwa iipropathi ezininzi zelothe, inoxinaniso oluphezulu, i-malleability, i-ductility, kunye nokuchasana okuphezulu kwi-corrosion ngenxa yokudlula.Ilothe inobume obusondeleleneyo obusondele kumbindi wetyhubhikhi kunye nobunzima beathom obuphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kuxinaniso olukhulu kunoxinaniso lwezona ntsimbi zixhaphakileyo njengentsimbi, ikopolo, kunye nezinki.Xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi ezininzi, ilothe inendawo yokunyibilika ephantsi kakhulu, kwaye indawo yayo yokubila ikwalelona liphantsi phakathi kwezinto zeqela le-14.
Ilothe ithande ukwenza umaleko okhuselayo xa ichanabeke emoyeni.Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kolu maleko yi lead(II) carbonate.Kusenokubakho iinxalenye zelothe yesulfate kunye nekloridi.Lo maleko wenza umphezulu wesinyithi okhokelayo ngokufanelekileyo ungasebenzi emoyeni.Ngaphaya koko, irhasi yefluorine inokusabela ngelothe kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi ukwenza ilothe(II) fluoride.Kukho ukusabela okufanayo kunye negesi yeklorini ngokunjalo, kodwa ifuna ukufudumeza.Ngaphandle koko, isinyithi esikhokelayo sichasene ne-sulfuric acid kunye ne-phosphoric acid kodwa isabela nge-HCl kunye ne-HNO3 acid.Iiasidi ze-Organic ezifana ne-acetic acid zinokunyibilikisa ilothe xa kukho ioksijini.Ngokufanayo, i-alkali acids egxininisiweyo inokunyibilika isikhokelo yenze imibhobho yamanzi.
Ukusukela ukuba ilothe yanqunyanyiswa e-USA ngo-1978 njengesithako kwipeyinti ngenxa yeziphumo zetyhefu, ayizange isetyenziswe ukwenza ipensile.Nangona kunjalo, yayiyeyona nto iphambili eyayisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweepensile ngaphambi kwelo xesha.Ilothe yayigqalwa njengeyona tyhefu iyingozi ebantwini.Ngoko ke, abantu babekhangela izinto eziya endaweni yelothe baze benze enye into yokwenza iipensile.
Yintoni uMahluko phakathi kweGrafite kunye neLead?
I-graphite kunye ne-lead zizinto ezibalulekileyo zeekhemikhali ngenxa yezinto eziluncedo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo.Owona mahluko uphambili phakathi kwegraphite nelothe kukuba igraphite ayinatyhefu kwaye izinzile, ngoxa ilothe iyityhefu kwaye ayizinzanga.
Ilothe yintsimbi engasasebenziyo emva kotshintsho.Singabonisa uphawu lwesinyithi olubuthathaka lwelothe sisebenzisa ubume bayo be-amphoteric.Umz. ilothe kunye neeoksidi zelothe zidibana neeasidi kunye neziseko kwaye zithande ukwenza i-covalent bond.Imixube yelothe kaninzi ine-+2 oxidation state yelothe kune-+4 oxidation state (+4 yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo ye-oxidation yeqela le-14 lemichiza yeelementi).
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-08-2022
