Ixabiso lamazwe ngamazwe lemithombo ye-zinc ichaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo kukubonelela kunye nobudlelwane bemfuno kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho.Ukuhanjiswa kwehlabathi jikelele kwemithombo ye-zinc kugxininiswe kakhulu kumazwe afana ne-Australia ne-China, kunye namazwe avelisayo aphambili yi-China, i-Peru, ne-Australia.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-zinc kugxininiswe kwimimandla ye-Asia Pacific kunye neYurophu kunye neMelika.I-Jianeng ngumvelisi omkhulu wehlabathi kunye nomthengisi we-zinc metal, enempembelelo enkulu kumaxabiso e-zinc.Oovimba bemithombo ye-zinc baseTshayina bakwinqanaba lesibini kwihlabathi, kodwa ibakala aliphezulu.Imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo zombini inqanaba lokuqala kwihlabathi, kwaye ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwangaphandle kuphezulu.
Enye yeyokuba i-LME kuphela kotshintshiselwano lwekamva lwezinki lwehlabathi, olukwindawo ephambili kwimakethi yekamva lezinki.
I-LME yasekwa ngo-1876 kwaye yaqala ukuqhuba urhwebo lwezinki olungekho sikweni ekuqaleni kwayo.Ngowe-1920, urhwebo olusemthethweni lwezinc lwaqala.Ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1980s, i-LME ibiyi-barometer yemarike ye-zinc yehlabathi, kwaye ixabiso layo elisemthethweni libonisa utshintsho kubonelelo lwezinc kunye nemfuno kwihlabathi jikelele, elaziwa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi jikelele.La maxabiso anokubiyelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zekamva kunye neekhontrakthi zokhetho kwi-LME.Umsebenzi wentengiso we-zinc ukwinqanaba lesithathu kwi-LME, okwesibini kuphela kwikamva lobhedu kunye ne-aluminium.
Okwesibini, iNew York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) yavula ngokufutshane urhwebo lwezinc kwixesha elizayo, kodwa ayizange iphumelele.
I-COMEX isebenze ngokufutshane kwixesha elizayo le-zinc ukusuka kwi-1978 ukuya kwi-1984, kodwa ngokubanzi ayizange iphumelele.Ngelo xesha, abavelisi be-zinc baseMelika babenamandla kakhulu kwixabiso le-zinc, ukwenzela ukuba i-COMEX ingenayo i-volume yeshishini le-zinc eyaneleyo ukubonelela nge-liquidity yekhontrakthi, okwenza kube nzima ukuba i-zinc ifikelele kumaxabiso e-arbitrage phakathi kwe-LME kunye ne-COMEX njengokuthengiswa kobhedu kunye nesilivere.Kule mihla, urhwebo lwentsimbi lweCOMEX lugxile kakhulu kwikamva kunye neekhontrakthi zokukhetha zegolide, isilivere, ubhedu kunye ne-aluminiyam.
Okwesithathu kukuba i-Shanghai Stock Exchange iqalise ngokusemthethweni i-Shanghai Zinc Futures kwi-2007, ithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yexabiso le-zinc yehlabathi jikelele.
Kwakukho urhwebo lwezinki olufutshane kwimbali yeShanghai Stock Exchange.Kwasebutsheni beminyaka yoo-1990, i-zinc yayiludidi oluphakathi ukuya kwixesha elide lokurhweba ecaleni kweentsimbi ezisisiseko ezifana nobhedu, i-aluminiyam, ilothe, i-tin, kunye ne-nickel.Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo wokurhweba nge-zinc wehla unyaka nonyaka, kwaye ngo-1997, urhwebo lwezinki lwaluyekile.Ngo-1998, ngexesha lohlengahlengiso lwemalike yekamva, iintlobo zokurhweba ngentsimbi ezingezizo ezine-ferrous zagcina ubhedu kunye ne-aluminiyam kuphela, kwaye i-zinc kunye nezinye iindidi zarhoxiswa.Njengoko ixabiso le-zinc laqhubeka likhuphuka ngo-2006, kwakukho iifowuni eziqhubekayo zexesha elizayo le-zinc ukubuyela kwimarike.Ngomhla wama-26 kuMatshi ka-2007, i-Shanghai Stock Exchange yadwelisa ngokusesikweni ikamva le-zinc, ihambisa utshintsho lwengingqi kunikezelo kunye nemfuno kwimarike ye-zinc yaseTshayina kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokubeka ixabiso le-zinc yehlabathi.
Indlela yokubeka amaxabiso esiseko sendawo yezinki kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe kukusebenzisa ixabiso lekhontrakthi yexesha elizayo le-zinc njengexabiso elimiselweyo, kunye nokongeza uphawu oluhambelanayo njengekowuteshini yendawo.Umkhwa wamaxabiso e-zinc kumazwe ngamazwe kunye namaxabiso exesha elizayo e-LME ahambelana kakhulu, kuba ixabiso le-zinc le-LME lisebenza njengomgangatho wexabiso lexesha elide kubathengi bentsimbi ye-zinc kunye nabathengisi, kwaye ixabiso layo lenyanga eliphakathi likwasebenza njengesiseko samaxabiso kurhwebo lwezinki zentsimbi. .
Omnye ngumjikelo wokunyuka nokuhla wamaxabiso e-zinc ukusuka kwi-1960 ukuya kwi-1978;Okwesibini lithuba le-oscillation ukusuka ku-1979 ukuya ku-2000;Owesithathu ngumjikelo wokunyuka nokuhla ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ku-2001 ukuya ku-2009;Eyesine lixesha lokuguquguquka ukusuka ku-2010 ukuya ku-2020;Eyesihlanu lixesha lokunyuka ngokukhawuleza ukususela ngo-2020. Ukususela ngo-2020, ngenxa yempembelelo yamaxabiso amandla aseYurophu, amandla okubonelela nge-zinc anciphile, kwaye ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemfuno ye-zinc kubangele ukuphindaphinda kwamaxabiso e-zinc, aqhubeka enyuka kwaye adlule. $3500 ngetoni nganye.
Ngo-2022, ingxelo yamva nje evela kwi-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ibonisa ukuba imithombo ye-zinc eqinisekisiweyo yehlabathi yi-1.9 yebhiliyoni yeetoni, kunye nogcino lwe-zinc ore oluqinisekisiweyo lwehlabathi luzizigidi ezingama-210 zeetoni zentsimbi.I-Australia inezona ndawo zininzi zokugcina i-zinc ore, kwi-66 yezigidi zeetoni, ezibalelwa kwi-31.4% ye-global total reserves.Oovimba be-zinc ore baseTshayina bakwindawo yesibini emva kwe-Australia, kwi-31 yezigidi zeetoni, kubalelwa kwi-14.8% yetotali yehlabathi.Amanye amazwe anoovimba abakhulu bezinc aquka iRashiya (10.5%), iPeru (8.1%), iMexico (5.7%), iIndiya (4.6%), kunye namanye amazwe, ngelixa i-zinc ore iyonke kwamanye amazwe ithatha i-25% ye oovimba behlabathi bephelele.
Okokuqala, imveliso yembali ye-zinc iye yaqhubeka ikhula, ngokuhla okuncinci kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo.Kulindeleke ukuba imveliso ibuyele ngokuthe ngcembe kwixesha elizayo.
Imveliso yehlabathi ye-zinc ore iye yanda ngokuqhubekayo ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100, ifikelela kwincopho yayo ngo-2012 ngemveliso yonyaka ye-13.5 yezigidi zeetoni zesinyithi ze-zinc concentrate.Kwiminyaka elandelayo, kuye kwakho inqanaba elithile lokuhla, kude kube ngu-2019, xa ukukhula kwaqala kwakhona.Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhambuka kwe-COVID-19 ngo-2020 kwenze ukuba imveliso ye-zinc yehlabathi yehle kwakhona, ngesiphumo sonyaka sehle ngeetoni ezingama-700000, i-5.51% unyaka nonyaka, okukhokelela kubonelelo lwezinc kwihlabathi liphela kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso okuthe gqolo.Ngokulula kobhubhane, ukuveliswa kwe-zinc ngokuthe ngcembe kwabuyela kwinqanaba le-13 lezigidi zeetoni.Uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba ngokubuyiswa koqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nokukhuthazwa kwemfuno yemarike, imveliso ye-zinc iya kuqhubeka ikhula kwixesha elizayo.
Okwesibini kukuba amazwe aneyona mveliso iphakamileyo ye-zinc yehlabathi yi-China, iPeru, ne-Australia.
Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwi-United States Bureau of Geological Survey (USGS), imveliso ye-zinc ore yehlabathi ifikelele kwi-13 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2022, kunye ne-China enemveliso ephezulu ye-4.2 yezigidi zeetoni zesinyithi, ezibalelwa kwi-32.3% yemveliso iyonke yehlabathi.Amanye amazwe anemveliso ye-zinc ephezulu aquka iPeru (10.8%), iAustralia (10.0%), iIndiya (6.4%), iUnited States (5.9%), iMexico (5.7%), namanye amazwe.Iyonke imveliso yemigodi ye-zinc kwamanye amazwe ibalelwa kwi-28.9% yetotali yehlabathi.
Okwesithathu, abavelisi be-zinc abaphezulu abahlanu behlabathi jikelele malunga ne-1/4 yemveliso yehlabathi, kwaye izicwangciso zabo zokuvelisa zinempembelelo ethile kwixabiso le-zinc.
Ngo-2021, imveliso yonyaka iyonke yabavelisi behlabathi be-zinc abaphezulu behlabathi yayimalunga ne-3.14 yezigidi zeetoni, ibalwa malunga ne-1/4 yemveliso ye-zinc yehlabathi.Ixabiso lemveliso ye-zinc ligqithise i-9.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US, apho i-Glencore PLC yavelisa malunga ne-1.16 yezigidi zeetoni ze-zinc, i-Hindustan Zinc Ltd yavelisa malunga neetoni ze-790000 ze-zinc, i-Teck Resources Ltd ivelise iitoni ze-zinc ze-610000, i-Zijin Mining yavelisa malunga ne-310000 yeetoni ze-zinc, kunye ne-Boliden AB yavelisa malunga neetoni ze-270000 ze-zinc.Abavelisi abakhulu be-zinc ngokuqhelekileyo banempembelelo kumaxabiso e-zinc ngokusebenzisa isicwangciso "sokunciphisa imveliso kunye nokugcinwa kwamaxabiso", okubandakanya ukuvala imigodi kunye nokulawula imveliso ukufezekisa injongo yokunciphisa imveliso kunye nokugcina ixabiso le-zinc.Ngo-Okthobha ka-2015, i-Glencore ibhengeze ukuthotywa kwemveliso ye-zinc iyonke, elingana ne-4% yemveliso yehlabathi, kunye namaxabiso e-zinc onyuke ngaphezu kwe-7% ngosuku olufanayo.
Okokuqala, ukusetyenziswa kwe-zinc yehlabathi kugxile kwi-Asia Pacific kunye neYurophu kunye neMelika.
Ngo-2021, ukusetyenziswa kwehlabathi jikelele kwe-zinc esulungekileyo kwakuyi-14.0954 yezigidi zeetoni, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-zinc kugxininiswe kwimimandla ye-Asia Pacific kunye neYurophu kunye neMelika, kunye ne-China ibalwa njengeyona ndawo iphezulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-zinc, ibalwa kwi-48%.I-United States ne-Indiya zibekwe kwindawo yesibini neyesithathu, zibalwa kwi-6% kunye ne-5% ngokulandelelanayo.Amanye amazwe abathengi abakhulu aquka amazwe aphuhlileyo anjengoMzantsi Korea, iJapan, iBelgium, kunye neJamani.
Okwesibini kukuba ukwakhiwa kokusetyenziswa kwe-zinc kwahlulwa kusetyenziso lokuqala kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesiphelo.Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kukutyalwa kwe-zinc, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwetheminali ikakhulu kusisiseko.Utshintsho kwimfuno ekupheleni komthengi luya kuchaphazela ixabiso le-zinc.
Isakhiwo sokusetyenziswa kwe-zinc sinokuhlulwa kusetyenziso lokuqala kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-terminal.Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-zinc kugxininise kakhulu kwizicelo ze-galvanized, zibalelwa kwi-64%.Ukusetyenziswa kwesiphelo se-zinc kubhekiselele kuhlaziyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zokuqala ze-zinc kumxokelelwano wemizi-mveliso osezantsi.Ekusetyenzisweni kwe-zinc kwi-terminal, iziseko zophuhliso kunye namacandelo okwakha athatha owona mlinganiselo uphezulu, kwi-33% kunye ne-23% ngokulandelelanayo.Ukusebenza komthengi we-zinc kuya kudluliselwa kwintsimi yokusetyenziswa kwe-terminal ukuya kwindawo yokuqala yokusetyenziswa kwaye kuchaphazela ukubonelela kunye nemfuno ye-zinc kunye nexabiso layo.Umzekelo, xa ukusebenza kwamashishini amakhulu e-zinc ekupheleni kwabathengi afana ne-real estate kunye neemoto zibuthathaka, umthamo we-odolo wokusetyenziswa kokuqala okufana ne-zinc plating kunye ne-zinc alloys iya kuhla, ibangele ukunikezelwa kwe-zinc kudlule imfuno, ekugqibeleni ikhokelele ukuhla kwamaxabiso e-zinc.
Njengomrhwebi omkhulu wezinki kwihlabathi, iGlencore ilawula ukujikeleziswa kwezinc esulungekisiweyo kwimarike ngeenzuzo ezintathu.Okokuqala, ukukwazi ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo iimpahla ngokuthe ngqo kwimarike ye-zinc esezantsi;Okwesibini kukukwazi okunamandla ukwaba izibonelelo ze-zinc;Okwesithathu kukuqonda okubukhali kwimarike ye-zinc.Njengomvelisi omkhulu wezinki kwihlabathi, iGlencore ivelise iitoni ezingama-940000 zezinc ngo-2022, ngesabelo semalike yehlabathi esiyi-7.2%;Umthamo wokurhweba we-zinc yi-2.4 yezigidi zeetoni, kunye nesabelo semarike yehlabathi jikelele ye-18.4%.Umthamo wemveliso kunye norhwebo lwezinki zombini ziphezulu kwihlabathi.Imveliso yeGlencore yehlabathi yokuqala isisiseko sempembelelo yayo enkulu kumaxabiso e-zinc, kwaye inani lokuqala lorhwebo liyayikhulisa ngakumbi le mpembelelo.
Okokuqala, i-Shanghai Zinc Exchange idlale indima enhle ekusekeni inkqubo yexabiso le-zinc yasekhaya, kodwa impembelelo yayo kumalungelo exabiso le-zinc isengaphantsi kwe-LME.
Ikamva le-zinc eliphehlelelwe yi-Shanghai Stock Exchange lidlale indima entle ekuhleni konikezelo kunye nemfuno, iindlela zamaxabiso, intetho yamaxabiso, kunye neendlela zothumelo lwamaxabiso asekhaya nawangaphandle kwimarike yezinki yasekhaya.Phantsi kolwakhiwo lwemarike oluntsonkothileyo lwemarike yezinki yaseTshayina, iShanghai Zinc Exchange incedise ekusekeni inkqubo yexabiso lezinki evulekileyo, enobulungisa, enobulungisa, nenegunya eligunyazisiweyo.Imakethi yekamva lezinki yasekhaya sele inesikali esithile kunye nefuthe, kwaye ngokuphuculwa kweendlela zentengiso kunye nokwanda kwesikali sorhwebo, indawo yayo kwimarike yehlabathi nayo iyanda.Ngo-2022, umthamo wokurhweba we-Shanghai zinc futures wahlala uzinzile kwaye unyuke kancinci.Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwiShailand Stock Exchange, ekupheleni kukaNovemba ka-2022, umthamo wokurhweba we-Shanghai Zinc Futures ngo-2022 wawuyi-63906157 yentengiselwano, ukunyuka kwe-0.64% ngonyaka, kunye nomthamo wokurhweba wenyanga we-5809650 wentengiselwano. ;Ngo-2022, umthamo wokurhweba we-Shanghai Zinc Futures ufikelele kwi-7932.1 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, ukwanda kwe-11.1% ngonyaka, kunye nomthamo wenyanga worhwebo we-yuan we-4836.7 yeebhiliyoni.Nangona kunjalo, amandla exabiso le-zinc yehlabathi asalawulwa yi-LME, kwaye imarike yekamva ye-zinc yasekhaya ihlala iyimakethi yengingqi kwindawo ephantsi.
Okwesibini, ixabiso lendawo ye-zinc e-China liye lavela kwiikowuti zomenzi ukuya kwiikowuti zeqonga le-intanethi, ikakhulu ngokusekwe kumaxabiso e-LME.
Phambi kuka-2000, bekungekho qonga lentengiso ye-zinc spot e-China, kwaye ixabiso lemarike yendawo lasekwa ngokusisiseko ngokusekelwe kwikoteyishini yomenzi.Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Pearl River Delta, ixabiso lalibekwe ikakhulu nguZhongjin Lingnan, ngelixa e-Yangtze River Delta, ixabiso lalibekwe ngokukodwa nguZhuzhou Smelter kunye neHuludao.Ukunganeli kwendlela yokubeka amaxabiso kube nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yamashishini anyukayo nasezantsi kwikhonkco loshishino lwezinki.Ngo-2000, i-Shanghai Nonferrous Metals Network (SMM) yaseka uthungelwano lwayo, kwaye iqonga layo locaphulo laba yireferensi kumashishini amaninzi asekhaya kwixabiso lendawo ye-zinc.Okwangoku, iikowuti eziphambili kwimarike yendawo yasekhaya zibandakanya iingcaphuno ezivela kwiNan Chu Business Network kunye neShanghai Metal Network, kodwa iingcaphuno ezivela kwiiplatifti ze-intanethi zibhekisa ikakhulu kumaxabiso e-LME.
Okokuqala, inani elipheleleyo lemithombo ye-zinc e-China ibeka indawo yesibini kwihlabathi, kodwa umgangatho ophakathi uphantsi kwaye ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo kunzima.
I-China inovimba abaninzi bemithombo ye-zinc ore, ikwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi emva kwe-Australia.Imithombo ye-zinc ore yasekhaya igxininiswe kakhulu kwimimandla efana neYunnan (24%), i-Inner Mongolia (20%), iGansu (11%), kunye ne-Xinjiang (8%).Nangona kunjalo, ibakala le-zinc ore deposits e-China lisezantsi ngokubanzi, kunye nemigodi emincinci emininzi kunye nemigodi embalwa emikhulu, kunye nemigodi emininzi ebhityileyo netyebileyo.Ukutsalwa kwezixhobo zokusebenza kunzima kwaye iindleko zokuhamba ziphezulu.
Okwesibini, imveliso ye-zinc ye-zinc ikwinqanaba lokuqala kwihlabathi, kwaye impembelelo yabavelisi be-zinc basekhaya iyanda.
Imveliso ye-zinc yaseTshayina iye yahlala iyeyona inkulu ehlabathini iminyaka emininzi ilandelelana.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngeshishini eliphakathi, ukudityaniswa nokuthengwa kwempahla, kunye nokudityaniswa kwe-asethi, i-China ngokuthe ngcembe yenze iqela lamashishini e-zinc anempembelelo yehlabathi, kunye namashishini amathathu abekwe phakathi kwabaphezulu abalishumi behlabathi abavelisi be-zinc ore.I-Zijin Mining lelona shishini likhulu lemveliso ye-zinc e-China, elinomgangatho wemveliso ye-zinc ore phakathi kwabahlanu abaphezulu kwihlabathi.Ngo-2022, imveliso ye-zinc yayiyi-402000 tons, ibalwa kwi-9.6% yemveliso yasekhaya iyonke.IMinmetals Resources ikwindawo yesithandathu kwihlabathi jikelele, ngemveliso ye-zinc yeetoni ezingama-225000 ngo-2022, ibalelwa kwi-5.3% yemveliso yasekhaya iyonke.I-Zhongjin Lingnan ikwindawo yesithoba kwihlabathi jikelele, ngemveliso ye-zinc yeetoni eziyi-193000 ngo-2022, ibalelwa kwi-4.6% yemveliso yasekhaya iyonke.Abanye abavelisi be-zinc abakhulu baquka i-Chihong Zinc Germanium, i-Zinc Industry Co., Ltd., i-Baiyin Nonferrous Metals, njl.
Okwesithathu, i-China ngoyena mthengi mkhulu we-zinc, ngokusetyenziswa okugxininiswe kwintsimi ye-galvanizing kunye ne-downstream real estate infrastructure.
Ngo-2021, ukusetyenziswa kwe-zinc e-China kwakuyi-6.76 yezigidi zeetoni, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe ngoyena mthengi mkhulu we-zinc emhlabeni.I-Zinc plating ichaza inxalenye enkulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-zinc e-China, ibalwa malunga ne-60% yokusetyenziswa kwe-zinc;Okulandelayo yi-die-casting zinc alloy kunye ne-zinc oxide, i-akhawunti ye-15% kunye ne-12% ngokulandelanayo.Iindawo eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwegalvanizing ziziseko zophuhliso kunye nezindlu.Ngenxa yoncedo olupheleleyo lwaseTshayina ekusetyenzisweni kwe-zinc, ukuchuma kweziseko zophuhliso kunye namacandelo ezindlu nomhlaba kuya kuba nempembelelo enkulu kubonelelo lwehlabathi, imfuno kunye nexabiso le-zinc.
Ukuxhomekeka kwangaphandle kwe-China kwi-zinc kuphezulu kwaye kubonisa indlela ecacileyo yokunyuka, kunye nemithombo ephambili yokungenisa i-Australia nePeru.Ukusukela ngo-2016, umthamo wokungenisa i-zinc e-China unyuka unyaka nonyaka, kwaye ngoku iye yaba lelona lizwe lingenisa i-zinc ore enkulu kwihlabathi.Ngo-2020, ukuxhomekeka kwamanye amazwe kwi-zinc concentrate kudlule i-40%.Ukusuka kwilizwe ngembono yelizwe, ilizwe elinelona lizwe liphezulu lokuthumela i-zinc concentrate ukuya e-China ngo-2021 laliyi-Australia, kunye ne-1.07 yezigidi zeetoni eziphathekayo unyaka wonke, i-akhawunti ye-29.5% ye-China yokungenisa i-zinc concentrate;Okwesibini, iPeru ithumela ngaphandle i-780000 yeetoni ezibonakalayo e-China, ibalwa kwi-21.6% ye-China epheleleyo yokungenisa i-zinc concentrate.Ukuxhomekeka okuphezulu ekuthengisweni kwe-zinc ore kunye noxinzelelo oluhambelanayo lwemimandla yokungenisa elizweni kuthetha ukuba uzinzo lonikezelo lwezinc esulungekileyo lunokuchatshazelwa kubonelelo kunye neziphelo zothutho, esisesinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni i-China ikwimeko engalunganga kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwezinki kunye. inokwamkela nje amaxabiso emarike yehlabathi.
Eli nqaku lapapashwa okokuqala kuhlelo lokuqala lweChina Mining Daily ngoMeyi 15th
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-08-2023
