Ixabiso lamazwe aphesheya le-ZINC ichukunyiswe ngokuthe ngqo ngababudlelwane nolwalamano lwemfuno kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho. Ukusasazwa ngokubanzi kwezixhobo zeZinc kuphela kugxilwe ikakhulu kumazwe anjenge-Australia nase China, kunye namazwe aphambili avelisa i-china, iPeru, ne-Australia. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-zinc kugxilwe kwi-Asia Pacific kunye neYurophu neMelika. UJianeng ngowona mveliso mkhulu wehlabathi kunye nomrhwebi wensimbi ye-zinc, enefuthe elibonakalayo kumaxabiso e-zinc. I-China's ye-chinac ye-chinak ye-chinank yesibini emhlabeni, kodwa iBanga aliphakami. Ukuveliswa kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kowabo bobabini kwinqanaba, kwaye ukuxhomekeka kwayo ngaphandle kuphezulu.
Enye yeyokuba i-LMO kukuphela kokutshintshiselana kwi-zinc ye-zulk ye-jinc, indawo yokuhlala kwindawo yentengiso yeZinc.
I-LME yamiselwa ngonyaka ka-1876 kwaye yaqalisa ukuqhuba urhwebo olungekho sesikweni kwi-zulc. Ngo-1920, ukuthengisa okusemthethweni kwe-zinc kuqala. Ukususela ngo-1980s, i-LME ibingumntu wentengiso yehlabathi, kwaye ixabiso layo elisemthethweni libonisa utshintsho kulwabiwo lwe-zinc kunye nemfuno kwihlabathi liphela, elijongwa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela. La maxabiso anokuchithwa ngamandla evalondo oluninzi kunye nokhetho lwendlela ye-LME. Umsebenzi wentengiso ye-zinc inqanaba lesithathu kwi-LME, yesibini kuphela kwi-Copper kunye ne-Aleminium yekamva.
Okwesibini, iNew York Mercantile itshintshiselwano (i-fomx) ivule ngokufutshane ukuthengisa i-zinc ye-winc, kodwa ayiphumelelanga.
I-IxEX ngokufutshane iZinc Ingathanga ukusuka ngo-1978 ukuya ku-1984, kodwa iyonke ayiphumelelanga. Ngelo xesha, abavelisi beZinc banamandla kakhulu kwixabiso le-zinc, ngoko ke i-thex ayinayo ivolumu yeshishini le-zinc, esenza ukuba kungabikho kwe-zinc amaxabiso e-LME kunye nentengiselwano. Kule mihla, ukurhweba ngentsimbi ye-Gomex kugxile ikakhulu kwixesha lokukhetha kunye neemvumelwano zegolide, isilivere, ubhedu, kunye ne-aluminium.
Okwesithathu kukuba i-Shanghai itshintshiselana ngokusemthethweni isungulwe ngokusemthethweni i-Shanghai Zinc ikati ngo-2007, ithatha inxaxheba kwi-jin jin yexabiso le-zinc.
Kwakukho ukurhweba nge-zinc kwimbali yembali ye-Shanghai. Kwangoko kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990s, iZinc yayiyindlela yokurhweba ephakathi neyexesha elide kunye neyexesha elide lokurhweba ecaleni kwezezinyithi ezisisiseko ezinje ngobhedu, i-aluminium, i-Couminam, i-tin, kunye ne-nin, kunye ne-nin. Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani borhwebo lwe-zinc lwehlisiwe unyaka nonyaka, kwaye ngo-1997, urhwebo lweZinc lwaphela. Ngo-1998, ngexesha lohlengahlengiso lolwakhiwo lwemarike yekamva, engaqhelekanga yokuthengisa kuphela i-Copper kunye ne-aluminium, kunye ne-zinc kunye nezinye iintlobo zarhoxiswa. Njengoko ixabiso le-zinc laqhubeka nokunyuka ngo-2006, bekukho iifowuni ezihlala zifuna i-zinc ikamva lokubuyela kwintengiso. Ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesifo 26, 2007, i-Shanghai itshintshiselwano edweliswe ngokusesikweni, edlulise utshintsho lwengingqi kwintengiso ye-chinec yaseTshayina kwimakethi yamaxabiso e-winc.
Indlela yamaxabiso asisiseko yeSothi yeZinc kwiNtengiso yeZizwe ngezizwe kukusebenzisa ixabiso leSivumelwano seZinc njengexabiso le-benchmark, kwaye yongeze uphawu oluhambelanayo njengeyona ntelekelelo. Imeko yexabiso le-zinc yamaxabiso eZinc kunye namaxabiso e-LMT ahambelana kakhulu, kuba amaxabiso e-LME isebenza njengomgangatho weendleko ze-zinc kubangenzi ngexabiso le-zinc .
Inye imijikelezo engaphezulu neyezantsi yamaxabiso eZinc ukusukela ngo-1960 ukuya kowe-1978; Okwesibini lithuba le-oscicity ukusuka ngo-1979 ukuya ku-2000; Okwesithathu yi-Cycles ekhawulezayo nangaphantsi ukusuka ngo-2001 ukuya ku-2009; Okwesine lixesha lokuchwetheza ukusuka ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2020; Ishumi elinesihlanu lixesha elikhawulezayo ukusukela ngo-2020. Ukususela ngo-2020, ngenxa yefuthe lamaxabiso e-Europe aseYurophu, i-zinc yehlile, kwaye ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwexabiso le-zinc kukhokelela kunyuka $ 3500 ngetoni nganye.
Ngo-2022, ingxelo yakutshanje evela kwi-United States Geogical Veeper (i-USGS) ibonisa ukuba oovimba abazizibuko ze-ZIN zi-1.9 bhiliyoni, kunye neetoni ze-jin ze-jinc ziziitoni zentsimbi ezingama-210 zentsimbi. I-Australia inezona ndawo zininzi ze-zinc, kwiitoni ezingama-66, i-accounting ye-31.4% yolondolozo lwehlabathi lonke. I-China ye-chinal ye-chinac ore i-ore yesibini kuphela e-Australia, kwiitoni ezingama-31, i-akhawunti ye-14.8% yehlabathi liphela. Amanye amazwe aneendawo ezinkulu ze-zinc zibandakanya iRussia (i-10.5%), iPeru (i-Peru (i-MEDI (i-6.7%), eIndiya (i-4.6%), ngelixa i-zinc ye-winc ye-25% ye yonke imithombo yolondolozo lwehlabathi.
Okokuqala, ukuveliswa kwembali ye-zinc kuqhubekile nokunyuka, ngokwehla kancinci kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Kulindelwe ukuba imveliso iya kuhlaziya ngokukhawuleza kwixesha elizayo.
Imveliso yehlabathi ye-zungu ye-chinc ikhule ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, ifikelela kwimveliso yayo ngo-2012 ngemveliso yonyaka ye-13,5 yeetoni zentsimbi ye-zinc. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, kuye kwakho inqanaba elithile lokwehla, kude kube ngu-2019, xa ukukhula kwakhona kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, iCovid-19 ukuqhambuka ngo-2020 kwenziwa imiphumo ye-jintog ye-jinton yam ukwehla, kunye neetoni zonyaka ze-700000 zonyaka, ezi-5.51%, zikhokelela kwixabiso eliqingqiweyo lehlabathi kunye nexabiso eliqingqiweyo. Ngokuvula lobhubha, ukuveliswa kwe-zinc ngokuthe ngcembe babuyela kwinqanaba le-13 lezigidi zeetoni. Uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba ngokubuyiselwa kwezoqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nokukhuthaza imfuno yentengiso, imveliso ye-ZINC iya kuqhubeka ikhula kwixesha elizayo.
Okwesibini kukuba amazwe aneyona mveliso iphakamileyo ye-zinc i-chinc, iPeru, ne-Australia.
Ngokwedatha evela kwi-United States Bureau yoPhando lweJogigical (i-USGS), i-jinc winc ivele ifikelela kwiitoni ezingama-20 ezizigidi ze-422, i-akhawunti ye-32.3% yemveliso yehlabathi lonke. Amanye amazwe anemveliso ephezulu ye-winc ibandakanya i-Peru (i-10.8%), eOstreliya (i-10.0%), i-India (6.4%), i-United States (i-5%), kunye namanye amazwe. Imveliso iyonke yeemigodi zeZinc nakwamanye amazwe inika i-28.9% yehlabathi liphela.
Okwesithathu, abavelisi abaphambili be-jinc yehlabathi jikelele ye-zuLC malunga ne-1/4 yemveliso yehlabathi, kwaye izicwangciso zazo zemveliso zinefuthe elithile kwixabiso le-zinc.
Ngo-2021, ukuveliswa konyaka kuphela kovelisi ezintlanu eziphambili zehlabathi yayimalunga ne-3.14 yezigidi zeetoni, i-accounting malunga ne-1/4 yemveliso ye-zinc. Ixabiso lemveliso ye-zinc igqithile kwi-9.4 bhiliyoni yeedola zase-US, i-GleCore pls ivelise iitoni ezingama-1,100 ze-binc, i-hinp ye-binc ye-inin, i-gestan ivelise iitoni ezingama-310000 ze-zinc, Kwaye iBoliden ivelise iitoni ezingama-270000 ze-zinc. Abavelisi abakhulu be-zinc baphembelela amaxabiso e-zinc kwisicwangciso 'sokunciphisa ukuveliswa kunye nokugcina amaxabiso ", ebandakanya ukuvalwa kwemigodi kunye nokulawula amaxabiso e-zinc. Ngo-Okthobha ka-2015, uGlecore wabhengeza ukuncitshiswa kwemveliso ye-zinc, elingana ne-4% yemveliso yehlabathi, kunye namaxabiso e-zinc atyatyanga ngaphezulu kwe-7% ngosuku olunye.
Okokuqala, ukusetyenziswa kwe-zinc yehlabathi jikelele kugxilwe kwi-Asia Pacific kunye neYurophu neMelika.
Ngo-2021, ukuselwa jikelele ze-zulc ehlaziyiweyo yayiyi-14.0954 yezigidi, ukusela i-zini kugxilwe kwiMimandla ye-Asia Pacific kunye ne-Europe kunye ne-Akhawunti ye-China, i-Accounting ye-48%. I-United States kunye ne-India babalwa okwesibini neyesithathu, i-accounting nge-6% ne-5% ngokwahlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe aphambili abathengi aquka amazwe aphuhlileyo eMzantsi Korea, eJapan, eBelgium, naseJamani.
Okwesibini kukuba ubume bokuselwa kwe-zinc yahlulahlulwe ukuba basebenzise i-terminal yokuqala. Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala ikakhulu kukubethwa kwe-zinc, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwesiphelo sendlela kukusebenzisa iziseko zophuhliso. Utshintsho kwimfuno kwindawo yokuphela kwabathengi luya kuchaphazela ixabiso le-zinc.
Ubume bokuselwa kwe-zinc kungahlulelwa ukuba basebenzise i-terminal yokuqala kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesiphelo. Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-zinc kugxilwe ikakhulu kwizicelo ezixhasweyo, i-accounting nge-64%. Ukusetyenziswa kwesiphelo se-zinc kubhekisa ekuphuculeni nasekusebenziseni iimveliso zeZinc Kwisiphelo sendlela ye-winc, icandelo leziseko zophuhliso kunye nezokwakha i-Akhawunti yeNdawo ephezulu, kwi-33% ne-23% ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukusebenza komthengi we-zinc kuya kudluliselwa kwicandelo lokusebenzisa i-terminal kwicandelo lokusebenzisa lokuqala kwaye kuchaphazele ubonelelo kunye nemfuno ye-zinc kunye nexabiso layo. Umzekelo, xa ukwenziwa kwendlela enkulu yeZincriemer Greatmer Affer Affer Allhe Alls kunye neemoto ze-IORMOS zokuntywila, njengoko i-zenc ye-alc iya kudlula kwimfuno, ekugqibeleni ikhokelela ukwehla kwamaxabiso eZinc.
NjengoMrhwebi weZinc yehlabathi, ulawula ukujikeleza kwe-zinc ye-zinc kwintengiso enezibonelelo ezithathu. Okokuqala, ukukwazi ngokukhawuleza nangokulungelelanisa iimpahla ngokuthe ngqo kwintengiso ye-zincream ye-zincream; Okwesibini kukukwazi ukomelela kwezixhobo zeZinc; Okwesithathu yingqondo enzulu kwimarike ye-zinc. NjengoMvelisi weZinc yehlabathi, iGlecore ivelise iitoni ezingama-9400 ze-zinc ngonyaka we-2022, ngesisa sentengiso yehlabathi ye-7.2%; Umthamo worhwebo ye-zinc yi-2.4 yezigidi zeetoni, kunye nesabelo sentengiso yehlabathi jikelele kwi-18.4%. Umthamo wemveliso kunye nezorhwebo ye-zinc iphezulu emhlabeni. Inombolo yehlabathi ye-Glencore yehlabathi sisiseko sempembelelo yayo enkulu kumaxabiso eZinc, kwaye inani legama lomthetho liyayinyusa le mpembelelo.
Okokuqala, uShanghai Sen otshintshiselwano ludlale indima efanelekileyo ekumiseleni inkqubo yamaxabiso eZinc, kodwa ifuthe layo kumalungelo amaxabiso eZinc lisengaphantsi kwe-LME.
Ikamva leZinc lasungulwa yi-Shanghai Testorser ethengisa ngendima ebonakalayo ekubonakalisweni kunye nemfuno, iindlela zamaxabiso, intetho ethengisayo yexabiso le-zinc. Phantsi kwesakhiwo sentengiso se-chinas se-chinal se-chinal ye-chinali, i-shanghai i-shanghai incedisile ekumiseleni inkqubo evulekileyo, enobulungisa, yentengiso yentengiso yentengiso. Imakethi ye-chinc yexesha elizayo ye-chinc sele inobukhulu obuthile kunye nefuthe elithile, kunye nokuphuculwa kweendlela zentengiso kunye nokunyuka kwesilinganiselo sokurhweba, isikhundla sayo kwimarike yehlabathi iyanda. Ngo-2022, ivolumu yorhwebo ye-shanghai i-shanghai yekamva ihlala izinzile kwaye inyuke kancinci. Ngokwedatha evela kwi-Shanghai Stock Exchange, ekupheleni kukaNovemba 2022, ivolumu yokurhweba yeShanghai ngo-2022 yayingu-634% ngonyaka we-580650 yentengiselwano ye-5809650 ; Ngowama-2022, ivolumu yokurhweba yeShanghai Zinc i-7932.1 bhiliyoni yuan, i-11.1% yonyaka-yonyaka, kunye nomthamo worhwebo wenyanga wama-4836.7 bhiliyoni yuan. Nangona kunjalo, amandla amaxabiso e-zinc yehlabathi jikelele asalawulwa yi-LME, kwaye imakethi yasekhaya ye-chinc ihlala iyindawo yengingqi yengingqi kwindawo engaphantsi.
Okwesibini, amaxabiso e-chinc e-chin e-china avele kuvelwano kuvelwano kwiikowuti ezikwi-intanethi, ikakhulu ezisekwe kumaxabiso e-LME.
Ngaphambi ko-2000, kwakungekho nqanaba leenxalenye zentengiso zeNtengiso ze-NINCE eTshayina, kunye nexabiso lentengiso lenziwe ngokusisiseko ngokusekwe kwikowuti yomenzi. Umzekelo, kwi-Pearl River Delta, ixabiso lalimiswa ikakhulu nguZhongjin Lingnan, ngelixa kwi-Yangtze River Delta, ixabiso lalimiswa ikakhulu nguZhuzhou. Indlela yokungalunganga engonelanga inefuthe elibonakalayo kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yamashishini anyukayo kunye namashishini asezantsi kwi-zungu yeShishini yeZinc. Ngo-2000, i-Shanghai engalunganga ye-Metals yenethiwekhi (i-SMM) iseke inethiwekhi yayo, kwaye ikowuti yayo yeqonga yaba kukubhekiswa kumashishini amaninzi asekhaya ukuya kwixabiso le-zinc. Okwangoku, iikowuti eziphambili kwimarike yasekhaya ibandakanya iikowuteshini kwi-NAN CHU yeShishini yeShishini le-NOAN CHUN, kodwa iikowuti ezivela kumaxabiso e-Intanethi zibhekisa kumaxabiso e-LME.
Okokuqala, inani lilonke lezixhobo zeZinc kwi-China Rasks yesibini kwihlabathi, kodwa umgangatho ophakathi uphantsi kwaye ukhuphelo lobutyebi lunzima.
I-China inezixhobo ezininzi zogcino lwezixhobo ze-zinc ore, ezikwinqanaba lesibini emhlabeni emva kwe-Australia. Izixhobo ze-chinci of ze-zenc zigxile ikakhulu kwiindawo ezinjengeYunnan (24%), i-Inner Mongolia (i-20%), iGani (i-Ginjiang (8%). Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba leedipozithi ze-zinc i-china iphantsi ngokubanzi, zininzi imigodi emincinci kwaye zimbalwa iimigodi ezinkulu, kunye nemigodi emininzi egudileyo. Ukuhanjiswa kwezixhobo kunzima kwaye iindleko zothutho ziphezulu.
Okwesibini, i-chinc ye-chinal ye-china ore yemveliso yokuqala emhlabeni, kunye nefuthe loveliso oluphezulu lwe-zinc luyanda.
Imveliso ye-hini ye-china isele ihleli inkulu yehlabathi kangangeentsuku ezininzi ezilandelelanayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo njengamashishini, amabanga anyukayo kunye nokufumana izinto ezihlaselweyo, kunye nokudityaniswa kwempahla, i-China yenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe i-winc proikes kwi-jin jikelele ye-jinc. IMinijin Mining yeyona nto inkulu ye-zinc igxile kwimveliso yemveliso e-China, kunye ne-zinc ore yemveliso yemveliso phakathi kwe-5 ephezulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ngo-2022, imveliso ye-zinc yayingama-402000 iitoni, i-akhawunti ye-9.6% yemveliso yekhaya iyonke. Izixhobo zeMisetals zikwisithandathu kwihlabathi liphela, ngemveliso ye-zinc ye-225000 yeetoni kwi-2022, inika ingxelo nge-5.3% yemveliso yekhaya iyonke. I-Zhongjin I-Lingnan Rapks ngeSithsest kwihlabathi liphela, ngemveliso ye-zenc ye-193000 yeetoni ngo-2022, i-accounting ye-4.6% yemveliso iyonke. Ezinye abavelisi ezikhulu ze-zincs ezinkulu zibandakanya i-chihong zinc yase-chihong jielium, iZinto zeZinc Co., Ltd., iBaiyin engenaziphoso, njl.
Okwesithathu, i-china ngoyena mthengi omkhulu we-zinc, kunye nokusetyenziswa kugxilwe kwicandelo le-gavaning kunye ne-Dowystream Reance Estate.
Ngo-2021, ukusebenzisa i-chinc ka-China yayiyi-6.76 yezigidi zeetoni, esenza ukuba ibe nguMthengi wehlabathi omkhulu we-zinc. I-zinc i-akhawunti ye-akhawunti yeyona nto iphambili yokusetyenziswa kweZinc e China, inika ingxelo malunga ne-60% ye-zinc ukusetyenziswa; Okulandelayo kukuphosa i-zinc ye-zinc kunye ne-winc oxide, i-accounting nge-15% ne-12% ngokwahlukeneyo. Ezona ndawo ziphambili zezicelo ze-GAGVAning ziziseko zophuhliso kunye nepropathi. Ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-China e-chinc ukusetyenziswa, ukuchuma kweziseko zophuhliso kunye namacandelo endawo yokuhlala aya kuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kunikezelo lwehlabathi, ibango, kunye nexabiso le-zinc.
Ukuxhomekeka ngaphandle kwe-China kwi-zinc kuphakama kwaye kubonisa indlela ecacileyo ye-Australia nasePeru. Ukusukela ngo-2016, ivolumu yokungenisa i-zinc egxile e-China iye yanda kunyaka onyaka, kwaye ngoku inguMntla wangezwe kakhulu kwi-zinc ore ye-zinc. Ngo-2020, ukumiliselwa kokungeniswa kwe-zinc joringf idlule ngaphezulu kwe-40%. Ukusuka kwilizwe elifanelekileyo leLizwe, ilizwe elinokuthumela i-zulc ephezulu ukugxila kwi-China ngo-2021 yayiyitoni ye-ostralia, enezigidi ezili-1.07 ezigidi ze-1.07 yezigidi unyaka wonke we-chinc gxininisa; Okwesibini, iPeru Thumela i-780000 yeetoni ze-china, i-akhawunti ye-21.6% ye-China iyonke ye-chinc igxile. Ukuxhomekeka okuphezulu kwi-inic ore kunye noxinzelelo lwemimandla yokungenisa elizweni kuthetha ukuba ukuzimela kwe-chin chinc kunokuthintelwa kunye nezizathu zokuba i-China ingenamsebenzi kurhwebo lwamanye amazwe kwaye Ingamkela nje kuphela amaxabiso entengiso yehlabathi.
Eli nqaku lalipapashwa ekuqaleni kohlelo lokuqala lwaseTshayina Imigodi mihla le nge-15 kaMeyi
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UPE-08-2023
